為了方便廣大考生順利通過(guò)2014年自考，小編特將其整理成一個(gè)匯總。希望廣大考生在考試時(shí)能用到這些資料。

Key words and phrases

1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根詞：efficient: a 高效率的;inefficient: a 效率低的;inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的

1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching.

2). She is very _____ in reducing waste.

3). His ____ study method caused his failure.

4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment.

Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective

2. increasingly: ad不斷增加地， 由此可以聯(lián)想到：

increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不斷增加的; decrease: v減少;

1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent.

2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent.

3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them.

3. prevalent: a 流行的，普通的 = popular

4. calculator : n 計(jì)算者，計(jì)算器，calculate: v 計(jì)算;calculation : n 計(jì)算; calculating: a 詭計(jì)多端的

5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭發(fā)，exposure: n; expose sb to sth讓某人接觸。。。

6. completion: n 完成、結(jié)束，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

complete: v完成，a 完整的，completeness: n 完整;incomplete: a 不完整的

1). He ____ denied the existence of god.

2). He has never ____ a project on time.

3). Money will be paid half in advance and half on _______.

4). When will the new railway ________?

7). intensity : n 強(qiáng)烈、劇烈，由此可以聯(lián)想到：

intense = strong: a 強(qiáng)烈的, intensive: a 密集的，加強(qiáng)的;intensify: v 加強(qiáng);intension: n 強(qiáng)烈、緊張。

1). We should ____ the struggle for peace.

2). There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic ______.

3). They have been receiving a four-day ____ training course.

4). They kept working in the ____ heat.

Answers: intensify, intensity, intensive, intense

8. defective : a 有缺點(diǎn)的，defect: n 缺點(diǎn)

9. assemble: v 集合、裝配; assembly: n 裝配

10. expose sth/sb to sth:暴露，面臨、遭受

1). People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.

2). I won't expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks.

11. in that: 在于，因?yàn)?

1). I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.

12. in question: 正被談?wù)摰?，正被考慮的(通常放在被修飾名詞后面)

We know nothing about the plan in question.

Analyze the difficult sentences

1. Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. (p2)

翻譯：今天大多數(shù)機(jī)器人用于汽車工業(yè)，它們按照編好的程序接任了汽車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這一類的工作。

分析：該句的考點(diǎn)是where引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾in the automotive industry。另外請(qǐng)注意幾個(gè)詞的用法：employ: v 雇傭，使用，相當(dāng)于use; program: v 編寫(xiě)程序;take over: 接管、接收、接任，如：Do you want me to take over the driving if you are tired?

such...as例如，welding and spray painting是動(dòng)名詞，做賓語(yǔ)。

2. Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen , although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. (p3)

翻譯：除了在汽車生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域替代人工勞動(dòng)外，機(jī)器人也開(kāi)始在別的工業(yè)部門(mén)應(yīng)用，雖然應(yīng)用程度低一些。

分析：該句考點(diǎn)如下：already taking over human tasks in the automotive field是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ);to be seen不定式的被動(dòng)概念;although to a lesser degree讓步狀語(yǔ)，to a lesser degree是表示：在更小的程度上，反義詞：to a larger degree.

3. The robots used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. (p3)

翻譯：核電站里使用機(jī)器人處理輻射材料，避免人員接觸放射性物質(zhì)。

分析：主語(yǔ)：The robots;謂語(yǔ)：handle;賓語(yǔ)：the radioactive materials;used in nuclear pants handle the radioactive materials是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ);preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做伴隨狀語(yǔ)。being exposed to動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做某事。

4. Robots differ form automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. (p4)

翻譯：機(jī)器人與自動(dòng)化裝置的區(qū)別在于它們完成一項(xiàng)特定任務(wù)后可以由計(jì)算機(jī)重新編程去執(zhí)行另一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

分析：該句重要考點(diǎn)：in that,相當(dāng)于because, 所引導(dǎo)從句表原因。如：

Men are different from other animals in that the former can create and use tools while the latter cannot.

5. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. (p5)

翻譯：人們不知道是否有一天機(jī)器人能具有像人類一樣好的視覺(jué)。

分析：該句的主語(yǔ)是whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。(有關(guān)知識(shí)請(qǐng)見(jiàn)課后補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)法。)，it 是形式主語(yǔ);as good as human vision是后置定語(yǔ)修飾vision;

6. Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. (p6)

翻譯：在其他方面努力取得進(jìn)展的工程人員正在設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)驗(yàn)新的金屬手臂和手指，使機(jī)器人具有觸覺(jué)。

分析：請(qǐng)注意該句中幾個(gè)-ing的區(qū)別：working on other advances是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的現(xiàn)在分詞;are designing and experimenting是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);giving robots a sense of touch是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。詞組：experiment with sth實(shí)驗(yàn)。。。

7. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. (p7)

翻譯：未來(lái)具有觸覺(jué)、視覺(jué)并能決策的機(jī)器人將可以做很多工作。

分析：主語(yǔ)：These future robots;謂語(yǔ)：will have;賓語(yǔ)：plenty of work to do。

assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)，修飾主語(yǔ)，其中動(dòng)詞不定式to see and make decisions是另外一個(gè)定語(yǔ)，修飾the ability.

詞組：be assembled with sth = be equipped wth sth裝備有。。。;a sense of touch觸覺(jué)，同樣的短語(yǔ)還有：a sense of sight/hearing/smell/taste:視覺(jué)，聽(tīng)覺(jué)，嗅覺(jué)，味覺(jué);a sense of humor/direction:幽默感/方向感。make decisions做出決定;plenty of sth充足的，足夠的

8. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (p7)

翻譯：任何希望了解未來(lái)工業(yè)的人必須懂機(jī)器人。

分析：這句話是國(guó)考題目中?？嫉??？键c(diǎn)：wanting to understand the industry of the future，是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)，修飾anyone. 詞組：know about sth了解。。。，懂得。。。。

補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)法知識(shí)：名詞性從句

名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問(wèn)詞充當(dāng)連接詞所引導(dǎo)的從句，其功同名詞一樣。

一.主語(yǔ)從句

主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較

It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：

1).It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.

2).It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.

3).It is in the morning that the murder took place.

4).It is John that broke the window.

必背

用形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)多，有些已形成固定的語(yǔ)法和譯法。常見(jiàn)的有：

It is said that... 據(jù)說(shuō)…… It is reported that... 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)……

It is well known that... 眾所周知…… It is announced that... 據(jù)宣布……

It is believed that... 人們相信…… It is thought that... 人們認(rèn)為……

It is understood that... 自不待言…… It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……

It must be admitted that... 必須承認(rèn)……

2.主語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序

主語(yǔ)從句要求使用陳述句語(yǔ)序，而非一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。如：

What surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.

使我感到驚訝的是這個(gè)小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。

How he was successful is still a puzzle.

他是如何成功的仍然是個(gè)謎。

3. 連接詞的選用

(1)that和what的選用

that和what都可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。what除起連接作用外，還在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)某些成分，可作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。而that在名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，無(wú)詞義，只起連接詞作用。如：

What he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本書(shū)。

That light travels in straight lines is known to all. 眾所周知，光線沿直線運(yùn)行。

(2)if和whether的選用

引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：

Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.

我們明天是否在戶外開(kāi)晚會(huì)要看天氣而定。

(3)其它連接代詞和副詞的選用

根據(jù)主語(yǔ)從句的具體意義，正確的選擇who, which, when, where, why, how等連接詞，這些連接詞既有疑問(wèn)含義，又起連接作用，同時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)各種成分。如：

When we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我們何時(shí)舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。

Who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 還不清楚昨天誰(shuí)打破了玻璃。

Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你決定買(mǎi)哪一輛車都不會(huì)有任何區(qū)別。

二.賓語(yǔ)從句

在復(fù)合句中用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。

1. 賓語(yǔ)從句常由that引導(dǎo)，在口語(yǔ)中常省略。當(dāng)主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的影響，按需要可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。如：

She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 從句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)

當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般用表示過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。如：

He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)

He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 從句是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 從句是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，而賓語(yǔ)從句敘述某一客觀真理(事實(shí))時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：

The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.

老師告訴我們世上無(wú)難事只怕有心人。

He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他說(shuō)光傳播比聲音傳播快得多。

2. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移

1) 將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.　我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。

I don't believe he will come.　我相信他不回來(lái)。

注意：若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。

I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒(méi)有生病吧。

2) 將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。

三.表語(yǔ)從句

表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句”。可以接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that?？墒÷?。另外，常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.

3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位語(yǔ)從句

同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。

1.同位語(yǔ)從句的功能

同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：

1) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

(1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))，而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。

(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征;同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。)(第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。)(同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分)　　Key words and phrases

1.warning: n 警告，warn : v 警告，warn sb not to do sth; give sb a warning

2.shift: v/n 替換，轉(zhuǎn)移，改變，轉(zhuǎn)變，輪班

1).There has been a shift in fashion from formal to more informal dress.

2).The wind shifted from east to north.

3).She works the day shift and her husband works the night shift.

3.speculate: v 思索、推測(cè)，speculate on/upon/about sth, speculation: n, speculator: n

4.datum: n 資料、數(shù)據(jù)，復(fù)數(shù)形式：data; 又如：bacterium: 細(xì)菌，bacteria;

medium, media.

5.reliability: n 可靠性，reliable: a 可靠的， unreliable: a 不可靠的

6.partial: a 偏袒的，部分的，be partial to sb.

7.up-to-date: a 最新的，out of date: 過(guò)時(shí)的，to date: 至今

1).Will long dress go out of date next year?

2).To date, we have not received any replies from him.

3).She always wears clothes that are right up to date.

8.analyze: v 分析，analysis: n， 復(fù)數(shù)形式：analyses.

9.work on:從事…; 對(duì)…有影響

1).The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.

2).The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.

10.set sth up:設(shè)立、建立、提出

1).A statue was set up in the center of the city.

2).Many countries agreed to set up an international organization to keep peace.

3).Einstein set up many important theories.

Analyze the difficult sentences:

1.Scientists are working on program to predict where and when an earthquake will occur.(P1)

翻譯：科學(xué)家們正致力于研究預(yù)報(bào)地震何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的計(jì)劃。

分析：Scientists are working on program是句子的主體部分，to predict where and when an earthquake will occur是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)，修飾program.其中，where and when an earthquake will occur是動(dòng)詞predict的賓語(yǔ)從句，注意疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序。詞組：work on:從事…，對(duì)…有影響，如：

The sufferings of the poor worked on our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we could.

2.They hope to develop an early warning system that can be used to forecast earthquakes so that living can be saved.(P1)

翻譯：他們希望研究出一種早期警報(bào)系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)預(yù)報(bào)地震，以挽救人們的生命。

分析：該句中that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾an early warning system，另外，so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。注意，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在這句話中的用法。

3.Two of the biggest earthquakes that were ever recorded took place in China and Alaska.(P2)

翻譯：有記載的兩次最大的地震發(fā)生在中國(guó)和阿拉斯加。

分析：主語(yǔ)Two of the biggest earthquakes，謂語(yǔ)took place。該句考點(diǎn)，形容詞最高級(jí)，the biggest; that were ever recorded是定語(yǔ)從句;were recorded表示“被記錄”;詞組：take place發(fā)生、舉行，請(qǐng)注意：該詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：

Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.

4.The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, …..(P4)

翻譯：積極參與地震預(yù)報(bào)研究的國(guó)家包括日本…。

分析：該句考點(diǎn)，詞組be involved in sth參與…;或be actively involved in sth積極地參與…如：All the countries in the world should be actively involved in protecting the environment.

5.These networks are on the alert for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake.(P4)

翻譯：這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)一直處于戒備狀態(tài)，搜索著警告的跡象，這些跡象顯示出在地震前可能發(fā)生巖層松動(dòng)狀況。

分析：這句話的主干是These networks are on the alert for warning signs，它后面是兩個(gè)套在一起的定語(yǔ)從句，均是由that引導(dǎo)的，第一個(gè)修飾warning signs;第二個(gè)修飾the weakening of rock layers。詞組：on the alert: 警戒、防備著…如：

Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick-pockets.

6.They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults.(P4)

翻譯：他們密切注意與斷層運(yùn)動(dòng)有關(guān)的水位和水溫的變化。

分析：詞組：watch for密切注意…;be associated with同…有關(guān)系。

7.Everyone agrees that earthquakes cannot be predicted with any reliability.(P6)

翻譯：人們都認(rèn)為不可能可靠地預(yù)報(bào)地震。

分析：that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，其中cannot be 不可能，表示推測(cè)語(yǔ)氣;with any reliability帶有任何可能性。

8.While this is a small start, it is still a beginning.(p6)

翻譯：盡管這是一個(gè)小的開(kāi)端，但畢竟只是處于初始階段。

分析：本句中的while意思是“盡管，雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，區(qū)分while含義：

1).While I was walking along the street, I met an E.T.

2).I like watching TV while my husband likes playing chess in the spare time.

3).While he has tries several times, he still fails again.

Grammar: 倒裝句

英語(yǔ)中主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后的語(yǔ)序稱為自然語(yǔ)序。

由于語(yǔ)法、修辭的需要謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前，稱為全部倒裝;助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等移到主語(yǔ)之前而主要?jiǎng)釉~仍然在主語(yǔ)之后的，稱作半倒裝.全部倒裝和半倒裝的句子統(tǒng)稱倒裝句。

倒裝句之全部倒裝

全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和　一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

There goes the bell.

Then came the chairman.

Here is your letter.

2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。

In the front of the classroom stands our English teacher.

Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

Here he comes.　Away they went.

倒裝句之部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。

1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

I have never seen such a performance.

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例題

1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　　At no time___ in the meeting-room

A.is smoking permitted　　 B.　smoking is permitted

C.smoking is it permitted　 D.　does smoking permit

答案A.這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題。當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A.man did know　 B.man know　 C.didn't man know　 D.did man know

答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個(gè)。

改寫(xiě)為正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋琈an did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。

以否定詞開(kāi)頭作部分倒裝

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

1).Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

2).Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

3).No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

so, neither, nor作部分倒裝

表示'也'、'也不' 的句子要部分倒裝。

Tom can speak French.So can Jack.

If you won't go, neither will I.

典型例題

---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

---I don't know, _____.

A.nor don't I care　　B.nor do I care　　C.I don't care neither　　D.I don't care also

答案：B.nor為增補(bǔ)意思'也不關(guān)心'，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。

注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為'的確如此'。

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.

only在句首要倒裝的情況

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句

as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前)。

注意： 1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。 2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),　 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

其他部分倒裝

1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

May you all be happy.

3)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。

Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例題

1)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is

A.man did know　 B.man knew　 C.didn't man know　 D.did man know

答案為D.　否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

2)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.

A.didn't I realize　　B.did I realize　　C.I didn't realize　D.I realize

答案為B。

3)Do you know Tom bought a new car? 　I don't know, ___.

A.nor don't I care　 B.nor do I care　C.I don't care neither　D.I don't care also

解析：答案為B.　句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示'也不'。由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

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